kernel-hacking-2024-linux-s.../arch/arm/Makefile
Linus Torvalds 0e8fb69f28 ARM: SoC updates
The code changes are mostly for 32-bit platforms and include:
 
 - Lots of updates for the Nvidia Tegra platform, including
   cpuidle, pmc, and dt-binding changes
 
 - Microchip at91 power management updates for the recently added
   sam9x60 SoC
 
 - Treewide setup_irq deprecation by afzal mohammed
 
 - STMicroelectronics stm32 gains earlycon support
 
 - Renesas platforms with Cortex-A9 can now use the global timer
 
 - Some TI OMAP2+ platforms gain cpuidle support
 
 - Various cleanups for the i.MX6 and Orion platforms, as well as
   Kconfig files across all platforms
 
 Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
 -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
 
 iQIzBAABCgAdFiEEo6/YBQwIrVS28WGKmmx57+YAGNkFAl6EaLsACgkQmmx57+YA
 GNkg/Q/9EmLGT/bznqi6P/8V75qPY6j4swife5HlI43EdCEyN+iME1w1rFfrNilf
 A/QyXzxhYgUZoyIt7K4qjWc8fPNlJZ8X10UqeEftQFxi82cmX2+OaT2fy6OdHVRJ
 SAGb1pw7463TQ6LKA7LC7rztFjahsjnE/9szlgXQT4v5OzayGyxd3OKy2Q1zASEi
 rwN+85Lh+xJvWhhenPKVvs2Dei+up8Y9uyPfJkj2QudCB+zx5k5stkk4EiQLBd1W
 SHzhijbSU3MrAUz2Cnp9Qa+86DdGPvFPfpzQy3pSYU9nNrC0aKpS8YmHT99SIWVN
 6R1YJF7Htmui5I9+O0baejJMEqvzGUysqe+rQdCofD7ooVKWU7WKYj5HxZxyBCEN
 dvlN3KRmS6l5KLsZARSxuBUw2MPTgjsxczZ84NKMLj8czw6yXyrePZ1RWiEZ4HIu
 4GiFNLYSMmAynD/dLuC9USDsjlPsQKnQ3e8hDf3a6oK5OHUIkr3uvguhqWa5WJsi
 cy2DUeWJkXgJDhlxcfr8MiPpPJRo3N/8O8PYci8dkdDFRs32j/5Qf22vywDdUHaZ
 I9Pl+VOGOSGiqRc9gmay6DNXpJusfuv72omrz4rL4kGMahpk0LeV5w+a9TdrkreY
 sLM67wtshOjOVMc/ebQ5Q8RR17Go+MFK+Co9Yc1ybbQ6lkSzeuY=
 =UTk1
 -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

Merge tag 'arm-soc-5.7' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/soc/soc

Pull ARM SoC updates from Arnd Bergmann:
 "The code changes are mostly for 32-bit platforms and include:

   - Lots of updates for the Nvidia Tegra platform, including cpuidle,
     pmc, and dt-binding changes

   - Microchip at91 power management updates for the recently added
     sam9x60 SoC

   - Treewide setup_irq deprecation by afzal mohammed

   - STMicroelectronics stm32 gains earlycon support

   - Renesas platforms with Cortex-A9 can now use the global timer

   - Some TI OMAP2+ platforms gain cpuidle support

   - Various cleanups for the i.MX6 and Orion platforms, as well as
     Kconfig files across all platforms"

* tag 'arm-soc-5.7' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/soc/soc: (75 commits)
  ARM: qcom: Add support for IPQ40xx
  ARM: mmp: replace setup_irq() by request_irq()
  ARM: cns3xxx: replace setup_irq() by request_irq()
  ARM: spear: replace setup_irq() by request_irq()
  ARM: ep93xx: Replace setup_irq() by request_irq()
  ARM: iop32x: replace setup_irq() by request_irq()
  arm: mach-dove: Mark dove_io_desc as __maybe_unused
  ARM: orion: replace setup_irq() by request_irq()
  ARM: debug: stm32: add UART early console support for STM32MP1
  ARM: debug: stm32: add UART early console support for STM32H7
  ARM: debug: stm32: add UART early console configuration for STM32F7
  ARM: debug: stm32: add UART early console configuration for STM32F4
  cpuidle: tegra: Disable CC6 state if LP2 unavailable
  cpuidle: tegra: Squash Tegra114 driver into the common driver
  cpuidle: tegra: Squash Tegra30 driver into the common driver
  cpuidle: Refactor and move out NVIDIA Tegra20 driver into drivers/cpuidle
  ARM: tegra: cpuidle: Remove unnecessary memory barrier
  ARM: tegra: cpuidle: Make abort_flag atomic
  ARM: tegra: cpuidle: Handle case where secondary CPU hangs on entering LP2
  ARM: tegra: Make outer_disable() open-coded
  ...
2020-04-03 15:02:35 -07:00

376 lines
13 KiB
Makefile

#
# arch/arm/Makefile
#
# This file is included by the global makefile so that you can add your own
# architecture-specific flags and dependencies.
#
# This file is subject to the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public
# License. See the file "COPYING" in the main directory of this archive
# for more details.
#
# Copyright (C) 1995-2001 by Russell King
LDFLAGS_vmlinux := --no-undefined -X --pic-veneer
ifeq ($(CONFIG_CPU_ENDIAN_BE8),y)
LDFLAGS_vmlinux += --be8
KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE += --be8
endif
ifeq ($(CONFIG_ARM_MODULE_PLTS),y)
KBUILD_LDS_MODULE += $(srctree)/arch/arm/kernel/module.lds
endif
GZFLAGS :=-9
#KBUILD_CFLAGS +=-pipe
# Never generate .eh_frame
KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm)
# This should work on most of the modern platforms
KBUILD_DEFCONFIG := multi_v7_defconfig
# defines filename extension depending memory management type.
ifeq ($(CONFIG_MMU),)
MMUEXT := -nommu
KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-mno-unaligned-access)
endif
ifeq ($(CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER),y)
KBUILD_CFLAGS +=-fno-omit-frame-pointer
ifeq ($(CONFIG_CC_IS_GCC),y)
KBUILD_CFLAGS += -mapcs -mno-sched-prolog
endif
endif
ifeq ($(CONFIG_CPU_BIG_ENDIAN),y)
KBUILD_CPPFLAGS += -mbig-endian
CHECKFLAGS += -D__ARMEB__
AS += -EB
KBUILD_LDFLAGS += -EB
else
KBUILD_CPPFLAGS += -mlittle-endian
CHECKFLAGS += -D__ARMEL__
AS += -EL
KBUILD_LDFLAGS += -EL
endif
#
# The Scalar Replacement of Aggregates (SRA) optimization pass in GCC 4.9 and
# later may result in code being generated that handles signed short and signed
# char struct members incorrectly. So disable it.
# (https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=65932)
#
KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-fno-ipa-sra)
# This selects which instruction set is used.
# Note that GCC does not numerically define an architecture version
# macro, but instead defines a whole series of macros which makes
# testing for a specific architecture or later rather impossible.
arch-$(CONFIG_CPU_32v7M) =-D__LINUX_ARM_ARCH__=7 -march=armv7-m -Wa,-march=armv7-m
arch-$(CONFIG_CPU_32v7) =-D__LINUX_ARM_ARCH__=7 $(call cc-option,-march=armv7-a,-march=armv5t -Wa$(comma)-march=armv7-a)
arch-$(CONFIG_CPU_32v6) =-D__LINUX_ARM_ARCH__=6 $(call cc-option,-march=armv6,-march=armv5t -Wa$(comma)-march=armv6)
# Only override the compiler option if ARMv6. The ARMv6K extensions are
# always available in ARMv7
ifeq ($(CONFIG_CPU_32v6),y)
arch-$(CONFIG_CPU_32v6K) =-D__LINUX_ARM_ARCH__=6 $(call cc-option,-march=armv6k,-march=armv5t -Wa$(comma)-march=armv6k)
endif
arch-$(CONFIG_CPU_32v5) =-D__LINUX_ARM_ARCH__=5 $(call cc-option,-march=armv5te,-march=armv4t)
arch-$(CONFIG_CPU_32v4T) =-D__LINUX_ARM_ARCH__=4 -march=armv4t
arch-$(CONFIG_CPU_32v4) =-D__LINUX_ARM_ARCH__=4 -march=armv4
arch-$(CONFIG_CPU_32v3) =-D__LINUX_ARM_ARCH__=3 -march=armv3m
# Evaluate arch cc-option calls now
arch-y := $(arch-y)
# This selects how we optimise for the processor.
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_ARM7TDMI) =-mtune=arm7tdmi
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_ARM720T) =-mtune=arm7tdmi
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_ARM740T) =-mtune=arm7tdmi
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_ARM9TDMI) =-mtune=arm9tdmi
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_ARM940T) =-mtune=arm9tdmi
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_ARM946E) =$(call cc-option,-mtune=arm9e,-mtune=arm9tdmi)
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_ARM920T) =-mtune=arm9tdmi
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_ARM922T) =-mtune=arm9tdmi
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_ARM925T) =-mtune=arm9tdmi
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_ARM926T) =-mtune=arm9tdmi
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_FA526) =-mtune=arm9tdmi
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_SA110) =-mtune=strongarm110
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_SA1100) =-mtune=strongarm1100
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_XSCALE) =$(call cc-option,-mtune=xscale,-mtune=strongarm110) -Wa,-mcpu=xscale
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_XSC3) =$(call cc-option,-mtune=xscale,-mtune=strongarm110) -Wa,-mcpu=xscale
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_FEROCEON) =$(call cc-option,-mtune=marvell-f,-mtune=xscale)
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_V6) =$(call cc-option,-mtune=arm1136j-s,-mtune=strongarm)
tune-$(CONFIG_CPU_V6K) =$(call cc-option,-mtune=arm1136j-s,-mtune=strongarm)
# Evaluate tune cc-option calls now
tune-y := $(tune-y)
ifeq ($(CONFIG_AEABI),y)
CFLAGS_ABI :=-mabi=aapcs-linux -mfpu=vfp
else
CFLAGS_ABI :=$(call cc-option,-mapcs-32,-mabi=apcs-gnu) $(call cc-option,-mno-thumb-interwork,)
endif
ifeq ($(CONFIG_ARM_UNWIND),y)
CFLAGS_ABI +=-funwind-tables
endif
ifeq ($(CONFIG_CC_IS_CLANG),y)
CFLAGS_ABI += -meabi gnu
endif
# Accept old syntax despite ".syntax unified"
AFLAGS_NOWARN :=$(call as-option,-Wa$(comma)-mno-warn-deprecated,-Wa$(comma)-W)
ifeq ($(CONFIG_THUMB2_KERNEL),y)
CFLAGS_ISA :=-mthumb -Wa,-mimplicit-it=always $(AFLAGS_NOWARN)
AFLAGS_ISA :=$(CFLAGS_ISA) -Wa$(comma)-mthumb
# Work around buggy relocation from gas if requested:
ifeq ($(CONFIG_THUMB2_AVOID_R_ARM_THM_JUMP11),y)
KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE +=-fno-optimize-sibling-calls
endif
else
CFLAGS_ISA :=$(call cc-option,-marm,) $(AFLAGS_NOWARN)
AFLAGS_ISA :=$(CFLAGS_ISA)
endif
# Need -Uarm for gcc < 3.x
KBUILD_CFLAGS +=$(CFLAGS_ABI) $(CFLAGS_ISA) $(arch-y) $(tune-y) $(call cc-option,-mshort-load-bytes,$(call cc-option,-malignment-traps,)) -msoft-float -Uarm
KBUILD_AFLAGS +=$(CFLAGS_ABI) $(AFLAGS_ISA) $(arch-y) $(tune-y) -include asm/unified.h -msoft-float
CHECKFLAGS += -D__arm__
#Default value
head-y := arch/arm/kernel/head$(MMUEXT).o
# Text offset. This list is sorted numerically by address in order to
# provide a means to avoid/resolve conflicts in multi-arch kernels.
textofs-y := 0x00008000
# We don't want the htc bootloader to corrupt kernel during resume
textofs-$(CONFIG_PM_H1940) := 0x00108000
# SA1111 DMA bug: we don't want the kernel to live in precious DMA-able memory
ifeq ($(CONFIG_ARCH_SA1100),y)
textofs-$(CONFIG_SA1111) := 0x00208000
endif
textofs-$(CONFIG_ARCH_IPQ40XX) := 0x00208000
textofs-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MSM8X60) := 0x00208000
textofs-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MSM8960) := 0x00208000
textofs-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MESON) := 0x00208000
textofs-$(CONFIG_ARCH_AXXIA) := 0x00308000
# Machine directory name. This list is sorted alphanumerically
# by CONFIG_* macro name.
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_ACTIONS) += actions
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_ALPINE) += alpine
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_ARTPEC) += artpec
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_ASPEED) += aspeed
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_AT91) += at91
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_AXXIA) += axxia
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_BCM) += bcm
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_BERLIN) += berlin
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_CLPS711X) += clps711x
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_CNS3XXX) += cns3xxx
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_DAVINCI) += davinci
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_DIGICOLOR) += digicolor
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_DOVE) += dove
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_EBSA110) += ebsa110
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_EFM32) += efm32
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_EP93XX) += ep93xx
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_EXYNOS) += exynos
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_FOOTBRIDGE) += footbridge
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_GEMINI) += gemini
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_HIGHBANK) += highbank
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_HISI) += hisi
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_INTEGRATOR) += integrator
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_IOP32X) += iop32x
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_IXP4XX) += ixp4xx
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_KEYSTONE) += keystone
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_LPC18XX) += lpc18xx
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_LPC32XX) += lpc32xx
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MESON) += meson
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MMP) += mmp
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MPS2) += vexpress
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MOXART) += moxart
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MV78XX0) += mv78xx0
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MVEBU) += mvebu
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MXC) += imx
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MEDIATEK) += mediatek
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MILBEAUT) += milbeaut
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_MXS) += mxs
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_NOMADIK) += nomadik
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_NPCM) += npcm
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_NSPIRE) += nspire
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_OXNAS) += oxnas
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_OMAP1) += omap1
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_OMAP2PLUS) += omap2
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_ORION5X) += orion5x
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_PICOXCELL) += picoxcell
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_PXA) += pxa
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_QCOM) += qcom
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_RDA) += rda
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_REALVIEW) += realview
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_ROCKCHIP) += rockchip
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_RPC) += rpc
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_S3C24XX) += s3c24xx
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_S3C64XX) += s3c64xx
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_S5PV210) += s5pv210
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_SA1100) += sa1100
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_RENESAS) += shmobile
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_SIRF) += prima2
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_SOCFPGA) += socfpga
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_STI) += sti
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_STM32) += stm32
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_SUNXI) += sunxi
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_TANGO) += tango
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_TEGRA) += tegra
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_U300) += u300
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_U8500) += ux500
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_VERSATILE) += versatile
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_VEXPRESS) += vexpress
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_VT8500) += vt8500
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_ZX) += zx
machine-$(CONFIG_ARCH_ZYNQ) += zynq
machine-$(CONFIG_PLAT_SPEAR) += spear
# Platform directory name. This list is sorted alphanumerically
# by CONFIG_* macro name.
plat-$(CONFIG_ARCH_EXYNOS) += samsung
plat-$(CONFIG_ARCH_OMAP) += omap
plat-$(CONFIG_ARCH_S3C64XX) += samsung
plat-$(CONFIG_ARCH_S5PV210) += samsung
plat-$(CONFIG_PLAT_ORION) += orion
plat-$(CONFIG_PLAT_PXA) += pxa
plat-$(CONFIG_PLAT_S3C24XX) += samsung
plat-$(CONFIG_PLAT_VERSATILE) += versatile
ifeq ($(CONFIG_ARCH_EBSA110),y)
# This is what happens if you forget the IOCS16 line.
# PCMCIA cards stop working.
CFLAGS_3c589_cs.o :=-DISA_SIXTEEN_BIT_PERIPHERAL
export CFLAGS_3c589_cs.o
endif
# The byte offset of the kernel image in RAM from the start of RAM.
TEXT_OFFSET := $(textofs-y)
# The first directory contains additional information for the boot setup code
ifneq ($(machine-y),)
MACHINE := arch/arm/mach-$(word 1,$(machine-y))/
else
MACHINE :=
endif
ifeq ($(CONFIG_ARCH_MULTIPLATFORM),y)
MACHINE :=
endif
machdirs := $(patsubst %,arch/arm/mach-%/,$(machine-y))
platdirs := $(patsubst %,arch/arm/plat-%/,$(sort $(plat-y)))
ifneq ($(CONFIG_ARCH_MULTIPLATFORM),y)
ifneq ($(CONFIG_ARM_SINGLE_ARMV7M),y)
KBUILD_CPPFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-I$(srctree)/%include,$(machdirs) $(platdirs))
endif
endif
export TEXT_OFFSET GZFLAGS MMUEXT
core-$(CONFIG_FPE_NWFPE) += arch/arm/nwfpe/
# Put arch/arm/fastfpe/ to use this.
core-$(CONFIG_FPE_FASTFPE) += $(patsubst $(srctree)/%,%,$(wildcard $(srctree)/arch/arm/fastfpe/))
core-$(CONFIG_VFP) += arch/arm/vfp/
core-$(CONFIG_XEN) += arch/arm/xen/
core-$(CONFIG_VDSO) += arch/arm/vdso/
# If we have a machine-specific directory, then include it in the build.
core-y += arch/arm/kernel/ arch/arm/mm/ arch/arm/common/
core-y += arch/arm/probes/
core-y += arch/arm/net/
core-y += arch/arm/crypto/
core-y += $(machdirs) $(platdirs)
# For cleaning
core- += $(patsubst %,arch/arm/mach-%/, $(machine-))
core- += $(patsubst %,arch/arm/plat-%/, $(plat-))
drivers-$(CONFIG_OPROFILE) += arch/arm/oprofile/
libs-y := arch/arm/lib/ $(libs-y)
# Default target when executing plain make
boot := arch/arm/boot
ifeq ($(CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL),y)
KBUILD_IMAGE := $(boot)/xipImage
else
KBUILD_IMAGE := $(boot)/zImage
endif
ifeq ($(CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR_PER_TASK),y)
prepare: stack_protector_prepare
stack_protector_prepare: prepare0
$(eval SSP_PLUGIN_CFLAGS := \
-fplugin-arg-arm_ssp_per_task_plugin-tso=$(shell \
awk '{if ($$2 == "THREAD_SZ_ORDER") print $$3;}'\
include/generated/asm-offsets.h) \
-fplugin-arg-arm_ssp_per_task_plugin-offset=$(shell \
awk '{if ($$2 == "TI_STACK_CANARY") print $$3;}'\
include/generated/asm-offsets.h))
$(eval KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(SSP_PLUGIN_CFLAGS))
$(eval GCC_PLUGINS_CFLAGS += $(SSP_PLUGIN_CFLAGS))
endif
all: $(notdir $(KBUILD_IMAGE))
archheaders:
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/arm/tools uapi
archprepare:
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/arm/tools kapi
# Convert bzImage to zImage
bzImage: zImage
BOOT_TARGETS = zImage Image xipImage bootpImage uImage
INSTALL_TARGETS = zinstall uinstall install
PHONY += bzImage $(BOOT_TARGETS) $(INSTALL_TARGETS)
bootpImage uImage: zImage
zImage: Image
$(BOOT_TARGETS): vmlinux
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) MACHINE=$(MACHINE) $(boot)/$@
@$(kecho) ' Kernel: $(boot)/$@ is ready'
$(INSTALL_TARGETS):
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) MACHINE=$(MACHINE) $@
PHONY += vdso_install
vdso_install:
ifeq ($(CONFIG_VDSO),y)
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/arm/vdso $@
endif
# We use MRPROPER_FILES and CLEAN_FILES now
archclean:
$(Q)$(MAKE) $(clean)=$(boot)
# My testing targets (bypasses dependencies)
bp:; $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) MACHINE=$(MACHINE) $(boot)/bootpImage
define archhelp
echo '* zImage - Compressed kernel image (arch/$(ARCH)/boot/zImage)'
echo ' Image - Uncompressed kernel image (arch/$(ARCH)/boot/Image)'
echo '* xipImage - XIP kernel image, if configured (arch/$(ARCH)/boot/xipImage)'
echo ' uImage - U-Boot wrapped zImage'
echo ' bootpImage - Combined zImage and initial RAM disk'
echo ' (supply initrd image via make variable INITRD=<path>)'
echo ' install - Install uncompressed kernel'
echo ' zinstall - Install compressed kernel'
echo ' uinstall - Install U-Boot wrapped compressed kernel'
echo ' Install using (your) ~/bin/$(INSTALLKERNEL) or'
echo ' (distribution) /sbin/$(INSTALLKERNEL) or'
echo ' install to $$(INSTALL_PATH) and run lilo'
echo ' vdso_install - Install unstripped vdso.so to $$(INSTALL_MOD_PATH)/vdso'
endef